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CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Abstract

The aim of study is synthesize mixed oxide composites based on titanium dioxide, iron and molybdenum oxides from industrial waste materials and evaluated for their photocatalytic degradation performance of nitrofurazone—a persistent and toxic antibiotic frequently detected in aquatic environments. Various Ti/Mo ratios (T95M5, T87.5M12.5, T75M25, and T50M50) were prepared through thermal treatment at 600 °C and characterized using XRD, UV–Vis and Raman spectroscopy to assess structural and optical properties.XRD and Raman analyses confirmed the presence of anatase-phase TiO₂ and Mo/Fe oxides, with optimal crystallinity and heterojunction formation observed in the T87.5M12.5 composite. UV–Vis spectroscopic studies demonstrated that this composite exhibited enhanced light absorption and a narrowed band gap favorable for visible-light activation. Kinetic tests revealed that T87.5M12.5 achieved the highest degradation efficiency toward nitrofurazone under UV irradiation, following pseudo-first-order kinetics with improved charge separation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The formation of heterojunction interfaces within the composite was found to be critical in minimizing charge recombination and enhancing photocatalytic performance. These results indicate that Ti/Fe/Mo oxide composites derived from industrial by-products can serve as cost-effective and environmentally friendly photocatalysts for the remediation of emerging pharmaceutical contaminants such as nitrofurazone.

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